What is Adult Hip Dysplasia?
Adult hip dysplasia is a condition where the hip joint's ball (femoral head) and socket (acetabulum) are improperly aligned. Although it often begins during childhood, it can persist or become apparent in adolescence or adulthood. This misalignment increases friction in the joint, causing the cartilage to wear down, which can lead to labral tears and, over time, osteoarthritis.
Causes of Adult Hip Dysplasia
The root cause of adult hip dysplasia is abnormal hip development during childhood. While the exact reason for this improper development is unknown, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and developmental factors. Shallow acetabulum formation or poor angling of the femoral head during growth may contribute to the condition. In many cases, the issue remains undetected until symptoms emerge later in life.
What are the Symptoms of Adult Hip Dysplasia?
Symptoms of adult hip dysplasia vary in severity and often worsen with time. Pain and discomfort typically begin during adolescence and gradually intensify. Individuals may experience difficulty with leg movements, such as bending or rotating the hip, and reduced range of motion. One leg may appear shorter than the other, and walking abnormalities such as limping or waddling may develop. In cases where both hips are affected, gait issues might be harder to notice. If left untreated, the condition can lead to osteoarthritis as the joint deteriorates.
How is Adult Hip Dysplasia Diagnosed?
Diagnosis begins with a physical examination to assess the hip’s range of motion and identify pain, stiffness, or limping. Imaging tests play a crucial role in confirming the diagnosis. X-rays are used to evaluate the alignment of the femoral head and acetabulum, while MRI scans provide a detailed view of the cartilage and soft tissues. Early screening during infancy and ongoing evaluation during adolescence or adulthood are vital for detecting the condition early and preventing further complications.
What are the Treatment Options for Adult Hip Dysplasia?
Treatment for adult hip dysplasia focuses on restoring proper joint alignment, relieving pain, and preventing further joint damage.
Non-surgical: These options are considered for early or mild cases and may include medication, steroid injections, and physical therapy to strengthen the surrounding muscles and improve flexibility. Assistive devices such as canes may temporarily alleviate joint pressure.
Hip Arthroscopy: Hip arthroscopy is a minimally invasive procedure where a camera is inserted to view and repair soft tissue damage, like labral tears, in the hip. It's often combined with other procedures for more advanced cases of dysplasia.
Periacetabular Osteotomy of Ganz: This procedure realigns the hip socket by cutting and repositioning the pelvic bone. Screws are used to hold the acetabulum in place, improving joint stability and coverage.
Femoral Osteotomy: In femoral osteotomy, the femur is cut and realigned to fit better in the socket. It’s often combined with periacetabular osteotomy for better results.
Hip Replacement: Hip replacement is considered when other treatments fail, replacing the damaged joint with a prosthesis.